In the early days of Microsoft Excel, long before VBA came into scene for automation, there was a different scripting system for spreadsheets: Excel 4.0 Macros. Introduced with Excel 4.0, this lega...

MSHTML better known as Trident, is the web rendering engine used by Microsoft’s classic web browsers. It is the technology behind Internet Explorer, older versions of Outlook, Microsoft Office, and...

In this challenge, you’ll analyze a suspicious Excel file to uncover its origins, behavior, and potential threats. Along the way, you’ll generate hashes, examine dropped files, and investigate cont...

Phishing emails are one of the most common attack vectors in cybersecurity, and detecting them requires careful analysis. In this challenge, you’re tasked with dissecting a suspicious email file to...

As a cybersecurity analyst, one of your day-to-day responsibilities is responding to security incidents. When such a situation occurs, you’re expected to notify the appropriate teams, gather inform...

Think of RAM as a giant linear array of slots, where each slot is 1-byte (8 bits) in size so information can be stored in it. Conceptually, it looks like this: Ignore the details for now, we’ll ...

A Macros is a small program that is commonly written to automate repetitive tasks in Microsoft Office applications. Macros are typically written in Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), a programmin...

An RTF attack is a malware delivery technique where an attacker sends a specially crafted .rtf file designed to exploit a vulnerability in Microsoft Office, usually Word. Attackers love RTF becaus...

A Shellshock attack is a security vulnerability that affects the Bash shell. It was discovered in September 2014 and it is tracked as CVE-2014-6271. The vulnerability stems from incorrect parsing ...

In this challenge, you’ll take a look at an email conversation between one of your employees and some strangers. To get started, just open the provided.pcap file with Wireshark. All the questions w...